Difference Between Temp Table and CTE
CTEs...

• Are unindexable (but can use existing indexes on referenced objects)
• Cannot have constraints
• Are essentially disposable VIEWs
• Persist only until the next query is run
• Can be recursive
• Do not have dedicated stats (rely on stats on the underlying objects)

#Temp Tables...

• Are real materialized tables that exist in tempdb
• Can be indexed
• Can have constraints
• Persist for the life of the current CONNECTION
• Can be referenced by other queries or subprocedures
• Have dedicated stats generated by the engine